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Hans Gál OBE (5 August 18903 October 1987) was an Austrian-British composer, teacher and author. ==Biography== Gál was born to a Jewish family in the small village of Brunn am Gebirge, Niederösterreich, just outside Vienna, the son of a doctor. In 1909 his piano teacher Richard Robert (who also taught George Szell, Rudolf Serkin and Clara Haskil) appointed Gál as a teacher when he became director of the New Vienna Conservatory. From 1909 to 1913, Gál studied music history at the University of Vienna under music historian Guido Adler, who published Gál's doctoral dissertation on the style of the young Beethoven in his own ''Studien zur Musikwissenschaft''. From 1909 to 1911, Gál studied composition in two years of intensive private study with Eusebius Mandyczewski, who had been a close friend of Johannes Brahms, and with whom he was later to edit ten volumes of the Complete Edition of Brahms’s works, published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1926. Mandyczewski became a "spiritual father" to him.〔Waldstein, Wilhelm, Hans Gál. Eine Studie. Wien: Elisabeth Lafite (Österreichischer Bundesverlag), 1965〕 In 1915 Gál was the first recipient of the new Austrian State Prize for Composition for his first symphony, though he later discarded this work and its successors, as well as a large number of works composed up to that time.〔Hans Gál Archive, York〕 During World War I he served in Serbia, the Carpathians and Italy. He returned from the war with a completed opera, ''Der Arzt der Sobeide'', which was performed in Breslau (modern Wrocław) in 1919 under the conductor Julius Prüwer. After World War I the political situation in Austria was extremely difficult, exacerbated by runaway inflation. Gál was appointed to the (initially unpaid) post of Lector for music theory at the University of Vienna (a post once held by Anton Bruckner). Despite the financial difficulties he married Hanna Schick (a relative of the philosopher and psychologist Wilhelm Jerusalem).〔 His second opera ''Die heilige Ente'' (The Sacred Duck) received its première in Düsseldorf in April 1923 under George Szell and was performed with continued success in some twenty theatres. Together with his third opera, ''Das Lied der Nacht'' (The Song of the Night), it established his wider reputation. In 1928 he won a Columbia Schubert Centenary Prize for his Sinfonietta, later retitled his First Symphony. In the following year, with the support of such important musicians as Wilhelm Furtwängler, Fritz Busch and Richard Strauss, he was appointed to the directorship of the Mainz Conservatory. The next three years were among the happiest and most productive of his life.〔100 Jahre Mainzer Conservatorium. Peter Cornelius Conservatorium, Mainz, 1982〕〔Hans Gál zum 100. Geburtstag. Zu einer Austellung im Mainzer Rathaus mit Dokumenten zu seinem Leben und Wirken in Mainz. (Centenary Exhibition). Kulturdezernat der Stadt Mainz, Mainz, 1990〕〔Konter, Astrid: 'Hans Gál (1890–1987) als Direktor der Musikhochschule Mainz von 1929 bis 1933'. In Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für mittelrheinische Musikgeschichte, 81, Mainz, 2007〕 The rise of the Nazis in Germany brought his career in Mainz to an abrupt end on account of his Jewish origins. When the Nazis took over Mainz in March, 1933, he was instantly dismissed from his post and performance and publication of his works in Germany were prohibited.〔BBC Radio 3's (''CD Review'' program, 9 July 2011 )〕 His fourth opera, ''Die beiden Klaas'' (Rich Claus, Poor Claus), which was to have received a double première in Dresden and Hamburg, was cancelled and wasn't performed until an English translation was presented by York Opera in 1990.〔http://www.hansgal.org/hansgal/46〕〔http://www.yorkopera.org/pastprod/pastprod.htm〕 He and his family returned to Vienna, but the shadow of the German Reich was already clearly evident in Austria, and he could find no permanent position. Immediately after the Anschluss in 1938 he fled to the United Kingdom, with the intention of emigrating to the United States. However, he remained in Britain and in 1940 was interned as an enemy alien〔(''Internment'' ) on http://www.hansgal.org〕 in Huyton Camp near Liverpool and Central Camp in Douglas, Isle of Man, where he continued to compose.〔(''Cultural Heritage and Prisoners of War: Creativity Behind Barbed Wire'' ) edited by Gilly Carr, Harold Mytum, available on Google Books〕〔Hans Gál, Musik hinter Stacheldraht (Music behind Barbed Wire), edited by Eva Fox-Gál. Bern: Peter Lang, 2003〕 He then settled in Edinburgh, where he taught at the University until his retirement in 1960, as a much respected member of the Edinburgh musical scene and as one of the founders of the Edinburgh International Festival. His honours include the Grand Austrian State Prize for Music (1957), the OBE (1964)〔(The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History )〕 and the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (1971). He died at Edinburgh in October 1987 at the age of 97. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hans Gál」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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